India, the world’s second most populous country is facing a pressing challenge as experts say there is going to be a significant decline in birth rates by 2050. Recent studies have revealed that the country's fertility rate is expected to fall below the replacement level of 1.7 birthers per woman - a critical threshold needed to maintain population stability.

The shift raises concerns about the future demographic and economic landscape of the country as it may impact India’s generations and its economic growth.

“The sharp decline in India’s fertility rate to 1.9—below the replacement level of 2.1—is both noteworthy and concerning. While it may suggest progress in areas like education and healthcare, it also reflects growing challenges that many couples face today in their reproductive journeys,” Dr Komal Bhadu, Consultant Obstetrics and gynecologist, at Ruby Hall Clinic, told Times Now.

According to experts, over the years, there has been a welcome drop in teenage and young adult pregnancies – largely due to improved access to education, awareness about reproductive health, and greater autonomy for women. “Fewer early pregnancies mean better health outcomes for both mother and child, but they also coincide with delayed family planning and shrinking family sizes,” said Dr Bhadu.

Along with that, Dr. Bhadu said economic growth and urbanization are significant factors contributing to the decline in India’s fertility rate. As India becomes more urbanized and industrialized, the cost of living in cities has increased with many young couples now prioritizing career development and personal lifestyle over having larger families. “From clinical experience, I’ve seen that most couples still desire children, often two, but are hesitant due to real-world challenges. Financial instability, lack of adequate housing, career pressures, and concerns about gender roles significantly influence reproductive decisions. Many women share that the burden of parenting often falls disproportionately on them, leading to delayed or avoided pregnancies,” she added.

Access to medical care is another area, where most young people are concerned. “A large number of men and women report limitations in accessing contraception, fertility treatments, or even the freedom to make reproductive decisions without external pressure. As doctors, we often encounter patients who are ready to start a family but face delayed diagnosis and limited access to timely care,” Dr Bhadu opined.

Experts say a continuously declining fertility rate can have several implications for the country. Apart from economic issues where a shrinking workforce could impact productivity and growth, a reduced birth rate may also affect family structures and support systems.

With fewer children, traditional family support networks might weaken, altering social dynamics.